UPDATE: My own machine is one of the ones that did work for a while, then stopped. I tried uninstalling and reinstalling the agent - no luck. And this machine can definitely get to the IP/DNS name of the server. Some (but not all) other machines are connecting just fine.
Hmmm...just got an interesting test result. I unplugged my machine from the wired ethernet...on wifi, it works. Wired and wireless machines are on the same subnet/VLAN, and again I can still ping and go to the web interface for the server on either connection. I wonder if it's not the connection that's the problem per se... Looking at the line of perl that's giving the error, it's:
my $lanToDiscover = $current_context->{'PARAMS'}{'IPDISCOVER'}->{'TVALUE'};
So it's connecting, but something about how that line returns differently when on the wired vs the wifi is causing the error, maybe? It doesn't seem to be restricted to wired vs wifi, though - I have a couple of virtual machines that are working, and a couple of others that aren't.
Definitely stumped, and really would love to get this working sooner rather than later. If anyone's got anything they can think of for me to check/test, I'd really appreciate it!